In Drupal’s core library there are a number of utility functions and classes that, as a module developer, you will find make your task easier or less tedious.

Drupal's Routing API maps the URL of an incoming request to the code responsible for generating the content that is rendered in response.

Services are objects that encapsulate the code for performing specific tasks in a reusable and decoupled way.

Plugins are one of the ways that module developers can write code that extends Drupal. The Drupal Plugin API allows a module to provide functionality in an extensible, object-oriented way.

Dependency injection is a design pattern commonly used in object-oriented software architectures in order to support Inversion of Control.